Did human hunting activities alone drive great auks鈥� extinction?
eLife news release
A mounted great auk skin, The Brussels Auk (RBINS 5355), from the collections at the Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences (RBINS). : Credit: Thierry Hubin, RBINS (CC BY 4.0)New insight on the extinction history of a flightless seabird that vanished from the shores of the North Atlantic during the 19th century has been published today in eLife.
The findings suggest that intense hunting by humans could have caused the rapid extinction of the great auk, showing how even species that exist in large and widespread populations can be vulnerable to exploitation.
Great auks were large, flightless diving birds thought to have existed in the millions. They were distributed around the North Atlantic, with breeding colonies along the east coast of North America and especially on the islands off Newfoundland. They could also be found on islands off the coasts of Iceland and Scotland, as well as throughout Scandinavia.
But these birds had a long history of being hunted by humans. They were poached for their meat and eggs during prehistoric times, and this activity was further intensified in 1500 AD by European seamen visiting the fishing grounds of Newfoundland. Their feathers later became highly sought after in the 1700s, contributing further to their demise.
鈥淒espite the well-documented history of exploitation since the 16th century, it is unclear whether hunting alone could have been responsible for the species鈥� extinction, or whether the birds were already in decline due to natural environmental changes,鈥� says lead author Jessica Thomas, who completed the work as part of her PhD studies at 天天吃瓜, UK, and the University of Copenhagen, Denmark, and is now a postdoctoral researcher at Swansea University, Wales, UK.
To investigate this further, Thomas and her collaborators carried out combined analyses of ancient genetic data, GPS-based ocean current data, and population viability 鈥� a process that looks at the probability of a population going extinct within a given number of years. They sequenced complete mitochondrial genomes of 41 individuals from across the species鈥� geographic range and used their analyses to reconstruct the birds鈥� population structure and dynamics throughout the Holocene period, the last 11,700 years of Earth's history.
鈥淭aken together, our data don鈥檛 suggest that great auks were at risk of extinction prior to intensive human hunting behaviour in the early 16th century,鈥� explains co-senior author Thomas Gilbert, Professor of Evolutionary Genomics at the University of Copenhagen. 鈥淏ut critically, this doesn鈥檛 mean that we鈥檝e provided solid evidence that humans alone were the cause of great auk extinction. What we have demonstrated is that human hunting pressure was likely to have caused extinction even if the birds weren鈥檛 already under threat from environmental changes.鈥�
: Great auk humeri from Funk Island. These samples are part of the great auk collection at the American Museum of Natural History.: Credit: J. Thomas (CC BY 4.0)Gilbert adds that their conclusions are limited by a couple of factors. The mitochondrial genome represents only a single genetic marker and, due to limited sample preservation and availability, the study sample size of 41 is relatively small for population genetic analyses.
鈥淒espite these limitations, the findings help reveal how industrial-scale commercial exploitation of natural resources have the potential to drive an abundant, wide-ranging and genetically diverse species to extinction within a short period of time,鈥� says collaborator Gary Carvalho, Professor in Zoology (Molecular Ecology) at 天天吃瓜. This echoes the conclusions of a previous study* on the passenger pigeon, a bird that existed in significant numbers before going extinct in the early 20th century.
鈥淥ur work also emphasises the need to thoroughly monitor commercially harvested species, particularly in poorly researched environments such as our oceans,鈥� concludes co-senior author Michael Knapp, Senior Lecturer in Biological Anthropology and Rutherford Discovery Fellow at the University of Otago, New Zealand. 鈥淭his will help lay the platform for sustainable ecosystems and ensure more effective conservation efforts.鈥�
*Murray et al., 鈥橬atural selection shaped the rise and fall of passenger pigeon genomic diversity鈥�:
Publication date: 26 November 2019